Springboot自带Schedule通常使用注解的方式配置一个任务，当程序运行时需要动态创建、修改、删除、启动、任务时就需要操作TaskScheduler接口了。下面做一个简单的实现

pom

    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.7.10</version>
        <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
    </parent>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

Application类

package zone.cong.dynamicscheduledtask;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.EnableScheduling;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableScheduling // 开启Schedule
public class DynamicScheduledTaskApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(DynamicScheduledTaskApplication.class, args);
    }

}

实体类

package zone.cong.dynamicscheduledtask.entity;

import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;

public class ScheduledTask implements Runnable {
    private final String id;
    private String cron;
    private String content;

    private ScheduledFuture<?> future;
    private LocalDateTime lastExecTime;

    public ScheduledTask(String cron, String content) {
        this.id = String.valueOf(System.nanoTime());
        this.cron = cron;
        this.content = content;
    }

    public String getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public String getCron() {
        return cron;
    }

    public void setCron(String cron) {
        this.cron = cron;
    }

    public String getContent() {
        return content;
    }

    public void setContent(String content) {
        this.content = content;
    }

    public ScheduledFuture<?> getFuture() {
        return future;
    }

    public LocalDateTime getLastExecTime() {
        return lastExecTime;
    }

    public void setFuture(ScheduledFuture<?> future) {
        this.future = future;
    }

    public void setLastExecTime(LocalDateTime lastExecTime) {
        this.lastExecTime = lastExecTime;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println(content);
        setLastExecTime(LocalDateTime.now());
    }
}

package zone.cong.dynamicscheduledtask.entity;

public class ScheduleRequest {
    private String cron;
    private String content;

    public String getCron() {
        return cron;
    }

    public void setCron(String cron) {
        this.cron = cron;
    }

    public String getContent() {
        return content;
    }

    public void setContent(String content) {
        this.content = content;
    }
}

package zone.cong.dynamicscheduledtask.entity;

public class TaskInfo {
    private final String id;
    private final String cron;
    private final String content;
    private final boolean isRunning;
    private final String lastExecTime;

    public TaskInfo(String id, String cron, String content, boolean isRunning, String lastExecTime) {
        this.id = id;
        this.cron = cron;
        this.content = content;
        this.isRunning = isRunning;
        this.lastExecTime = lastExecTime;
    }

    public String getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public String getCron() {
        return cron;
    }

    public String getContent() {
        return content;
    }

    public boolean isRunning() {
        return isRunning;
    }

    public String getLastExecTime() {
        return lastExecTime;
    }
}

controller

package zone.cong.dynamicscheduledtask.controller;

import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.scheduling.TaskScheduler;
import org.springframework.scheduling.support.CronTrigger;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.DeleteMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import zone.cong.dynamicscheduledtask.entity.ScheduleRequest;
import zone.cong.dynamicscheduledtask.entity.ScheduledTask;
import zone.cong.dynamicscheduledtask.entity.TaskInfo;

@RestController
public class ScheduledTaskController {
    @Autowired
    private TaskScheduler scheduler;

    // 存储任务信息，key 为任务 ID，value 为任务信息
    private Map<String, ScheduledTask> tasks = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

    @GetMapping("/tasks")
    public List<TaskInfo> listTasks() {
        List<TaskInfo> result = new ArrayList<>();
        for (ScheduledTask task : tasks.values()) {
            boolean isRunning = task.getFuture() != null && !task.getFuture().isCancelled();
            LocalDateTime lastExecTime = task.getLastExecTime();
            String lastExecTimeStr = lastExecTime != null ? lastExecTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.ISO_LOCAL_DATE_TIME) : "";
            result.add(new TaskInfo(task.getId(), task.getCron(), task.getContent(), isRunning, lastExecTimeStr));
        }
        return result;
    }

    @PostMapping("/tasks")
    public void scheduleTask(@RequestBody ScheduleRequest request) {
        ScheduledTask task = new ScheduledTask(request.getCron(), request.getContent());
        ScheduledFuture<?> future = scheduler.schedule(task, new CronTrigger(request.getCron()));
        task.setFuture(future);
        tasks.put(task.getId(), task);
    }

    @DeleteMapping("/tasks/{id}")
    public void cancelTask(@PathVariable String id) {
        ScheduledTask task = tasks.remove(id);
        if (task != null) {
            task.getFuture().cancel(true);
        }
    }

    @PostMapping("/tasks/{id}")
    public void updateTask(@PathVariable String id, @RequestBody ScheduleRequest request) {
        ScheduledTask task = tasks.remove(id);
        if (task != null) {
            task.setCron(request.getCron());
            task.setContent(request.getContent());
            task.getFuture().cancel(true);
            ScheduledFuture<?> future = scheduler.schedule(task, new CronTrigger(request.getCron()));
            task.setFuture(future);
            tasks.put(task.getId(), task);
        }
    }

    @PostMapping("/tasks/{id}/start")
    public void startTask(@PathVariable String id) {
        ScheduledTask task = tasks.get(id);
        if (task != null && task.getFuture() == null) {
            LocalDateTime lastExecTime = LocalDateTime.now();
            ScheduledFuture<?> future = scheduler.schedule(task, new CronTrigger(task.getCron()));
            task.setFuture(future);
            task.setLastExecTime(lastExecTime);
        }
    }

    @PostMapping("/tasks/{id}/stop")
    public void stopTask(@PathVariable String id) {
        ScheduledTask task = tasks.get(id);
        if (task != null && task.getFuture() != null) {
            task.getFuture().cancel(true);
            task.setFuture(null);
        }
    }

    @PostMapping("/tasks/startAll")
    public void startAllTasks() {
        for (ScheduledTask task : tasks.values()) {
            if (task.getFuture() == null) {
                LocalDateTime lastExecTime = LocalDateTime.now();
                ScheduledFuture<?> future = scheduler.schedule(task, new CronTrigger(task.getCron()));
                task.setFuture(future);
                task.setLastExecTime(lastExecTime);
            }
        }
    }

    @PostMapping("/tasks/stopAll")
    public void stopAllTasks() {
        for (ScheduledTask task : tasks.values()) {
            if (task.getFuture() != null) {
                task.getFuture().cancel(true);
                task.setFuture(null);
            }
        }
    }
}